Maniraptora
Saurischia | Theropoda | Tetanurae | Coelurosauria | Maniraptora [Carnivore]
Named by Gauthier (1986) to emphasize that \"Avialae and Deinonychosauria (or at least dromaeosaurs) shared a common ancestor exlclusive of Ornithomimidae. Its a stem-based taxon with a series of synapomorhies to diagnose it. The most accepted members of this clade are Aves, Dromaeosaurs, Troodontids, Therizinosaurs and Oviraptors. The name means \"hand snatchers\" and refers to the derived \"grabby\" hands of these dinosaurs.The clade Maniraptora is defined as containing all dinosaurs closer to birds than to ornithomimids paleontologists believe modern birds derived from this group of theropod dinosaurs. According to phylogenetic taxonomy, birds are by definition maniraptorans, and the other maniraptorans are their closest relatives. Maniraptora is the sister group to Arctometatarsalia and together with it makes up Maniraptoriformes. Maniraptorans are united by the possession of modified elements in the wrist; the semilunate carpal is a bone unique to this group along with other modifications of the forelimb, it makes the flight stroke in birds possible. Other typical haracteristics present in maniraptorans are a fused clavicle (furcula, or \"collar bone\") and sternum (\"breast bone\"), a pubis (part of the pelvis) that points downwards rather than forwards as in typical saurischians, a shortened and distally stiffened tail, long arms, a manus (hand) which is larger than the pes (foot) and an elongation of the middle digit of the manus.
Jurassic Middle
China
Pedopenna daohugouensis - Daohugou Formation
Jurassic Late
Germany
Archaeopteryx lithographica - Solnhofen Formation
Archaeopteryx bavarica - Solnhofen Formation
Wellnhoferia grandis - Solnhofen Formation
US
Koparion douglassi - Morrison Formation
China
Anchiornis huxleyi - Liaoning [time J/C?]
Confuciusornis sanctus - Chaomidianzi Formation
Epidendrosaurus ningchengensis - Daohugou Formation
Haplocheirus sollers - Shishugou Formation
Otogornis genghisi - Ordos Basin, Zidan Group, Yijinholuo Formation [JL?]
Pedopenna daohugouensis - Daohugou Formation
Xiaotingia zhengi - Tiaojishan Formation
Kazakhstan
Praeornis sharovi - Balabansai Formation
Cretaceous Early
England
Enaliornis barretti - Cambridge Green-sand-Formation
Enaliornis sedgwicki - Cambridge Green-sand-Formation
Enaliornis seeleyi - Cambridge Green-sand-Formation
Palaeocolymbus barretti - Cambridge Green-sand-Formation
Pelagornis sedgwicki - Cambridge Green-sand-Formation
Spain
Concornis lacustris - Calizas de Huérgina Formation
Eoalulavis hoyasi - Calizas de Huérgina Formation
Iberomesornis romerali - Calizas de Huérgina Formation
Ilerdopteryx viai ~/~ - El Montsec
Noguerornis gonzalezi - La Pedrera de Rubies Lithographic Limestone
US
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum - Cedar Mountain Formation (Dalton Wells Quarry), Utah
Utahraptor ostrommaysi - misspelled name
Brazil
Santanaraptor placidus - Santana Formation
China
Anchiornis huxleyi - Liaoning [time J/C?]
Boluochia zhengi - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Cathayornis yandica - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Cathayornis caudatus - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Caudipteryx
Caudipteryx dongi - Yixian Formation of Liaoning
Caudipteryx zoui - Yixian Formation of Liaoning
Changchengornis hengdaoziensis - Chaomidianzi Formation
Chaoyangia beishanensis - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Confuciusornis sanctus ~/~ - Chaomidianzi Formation
Confuciusornis chuonzhous ~/~ - Chaomidianzi Formation
Confuciusornis dui ~/~ - Chaomidianzi Formation
Confuciusornis sunia ~/~ - Chaomidianzi Formation
Dalianraptor cuhe - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Eocathayornis walkeri - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Eoenantiornis buhleri - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Gansus yumenensis - Xiagou Formation, Gansu Province
Jibeinia luahera - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Jixiangornis orientalis - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Liaoningornis longidigitus - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Liaoxiornis delicatus - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Longipteryx chaoyangensis - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Mei long - Yixian Formation, Lujiatun Beds, Liaoning
Otogornis genghisi - Ordos Basin, Zidan Group, Yijinholuo Formation
Protarchaeopteryx robusta - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Protopteryx fengningensis - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Sapeornis chaoyangensis - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Shenzhouraptor sinensis - Yixian Formation (Jiufotang Formation) , Jehol Group, Liaoning
Jeholornis prima - Yixian Formation (Jiufotang Formation) , Jehol Group, Liaoning
Sinornis santensis - Jiufotang Formation, Liaoning
Sinornithoides youngi - Ejinhoro Formation
Sinusonasus magnodens - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Sinucerasaurus
Xinjiangovenator parvus - Lianmugin Formation, Tugulu Group of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang
Yixianosaurus longimanus - Yixian Formation, Liaoning
Mongolia
Ambiortus dementjevi - Unduruh Formation
Holbotia ponomarenkoi -
North Korea
Proornis coreae - Sinuiju series
Uzbekistan
Horezmavis eocretacea - Lower Khodzhakul\' Formation
Australia
Nanantius eos - Allaru Formation (Toolebuc Formation), Queensland, Australia
Cretaceous Late
France
Gargantuavis philoinos - Marnes Rouges inferieures, Languedoc region, Bellevue, Campagne-sur-Aude, Aude, Gres a Reptiles, Var
Hungary
Pneumatoraptor fodori - Czehbánya Formation
Portugal
Euronychodon
Euronychodon portucalensis - Argiles et sables de Taveiro
Romania
Elopteryx nopcsai - Sinpetru Beds
Bradycneme draculae - Sinpetru Beds
Heptasteornis andrewsi - Sinpetru Beds
Russia
Cerebavis cenomanica - Volgograd Region
Hesperornis rossicus - Tzimlyanskoe Reservoir
Hesperornis rossica
Sweden
Hesperornis rossicus - Kristianstad Basin, Ivo-Klack, Scone
Canada
Albertonykus borealis - Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Caenagnathus
Caenagnathus collinsi - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Caenagnathus sternbergi - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Chirostenotes
Chirostenotes pergracilis - Judith River Group (Wedge), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta
Elmisaurus elegans - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Macrophalangia canadensis - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Ornithomimus elegans - Oldman Formation, Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Dromaeosaurus albertensis - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Hesperornis regalis - Vermillion River Formation, Manitoba; Foremost Formation, Alberta, Kanguk Formation, NW Territories
Paronychodon lacustris - ?Judith River Formation (Wedge), Alberta
Pasquiaornis hardiei - ? Ashville Formation, Saskatchewan
Pasquiaornis tankei - ? Ashville Formation, Saskatchewan
Troodon
Pectinodon bakkeri - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Polyodontosaurus grandis - Belly River Formation, Alberta
Stenonychosaurus inequalis - Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Troodon formosus - Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Judith River Group (Wedge), Alberta
Mexico
Alexornis antecedens - \"La Bocana Roja\" Formation
Troodon
Troodon formosus - \"El Gallo\" Formation
US
Albertosaurus
Deinodon ? - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Apatornis celer - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Ichthyornis celer ~/~ - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Austinornis lentus - Austin Chalk, Texas
Graculavus lentus - Austin Chalk, Texas
Ichthyornis lentus - Austin Chalk, Texas
Avisaurus archibaldi - Hell Creek Formation, Montana
Avisaurus gloriae - Two Medicine Formation, Montana
Baptornis advenus - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Chirostenotes
Elmisaurus elegans - Hell Creek Formation, Montana
Coniornis altus - Claggett Shale, Upper Yellowish Sandstone, Dog Creek, Fergus County, Montana
Hesperornis montanus - Claggett Shale, Upper Yellowish Sandstone, Dog Creek, Fergus County, Montana
Deinonychus antirrhopus - Cloverly Formation, Montana, Wyoming, Antlers Formation, Oklahoma
Dromaeosaurus albertensis - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Guildavis tener - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Ichthyornis tener - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Halimornis thompsoni - Moorville Chalk, Alabama
Hesperornis bairdi - Pierre Shale, South Dakota
Hesperornis chowi - Pierre Shale, South Dakota
Hesperornis macdonaldi - Pierre Shale, South Dakota
Hesperornis mengeli - Pierre Shale, South Dakota
Hesperornis regalis - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas; Pierre Shale, Nebraska
Hargeria gracilis - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Hesperornis crassipes - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Hesperornis gracilis - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Lestornis crassipes - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Iaceornis marshi - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Ichthyornis dispar - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas ; Moorville Chalk, Alabama ; Austin Chalk, Texas
Angelinornis antecessor - Moorville Chalk; Alabama
Colonosaurus mudgei - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Graculavus agilis - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Graculavus anceps - North Fork of the Smoky Hill River, Kansas
Ichthyornis agilis - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Ichthyornis anceps - North Fork of the Smoky Hill River, Kansas
Ichthyornis antecessor - Moorville Chalk; Alabama
Ichthyornis validus - Graham County, Kansas
Ichthyornis victor - Wallace County, Kansas
Plegadornis antecessor - Moorville Chalk; Alabama
Ornithomimus minutus - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Parahesperornis alexi - Niobrara Chalk Formation, Kansas
Paronychodon lacustris - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana; Hell Creek Formation, Montana; Lance Formation, Wyoming; Fruitland Formation, New Mexico; Laramie Formation, Colorado
Aublysodon explanatus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Deinodon explanatus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Dipriodon caperatus - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Dromaeosaurus explanatus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Dryptosaurus explanatus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Laelaps explanatus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
\"Meniscoessus\" caperatus - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Paronychodon caperatus ? - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Paronychodon explanatus ? - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Tripriodon caperatus - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Triprotodon carperatus - Laramie Formation, Colorado
Zaphsalis abradus [sic] - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Zapsalis abradens - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Montana
Potamornis skutchi - Lance Formation, Niobrara County, Wyoming
Troodon
Pectinodon bakkeri - Lance Formation, Wyoming
Stenonychosaurus inequalis - Lance Formation, Wyoming
Troodon formosus - Judith River Formation (Wedge), Hell Creek Formation, Montana, Lance Formation, Wyoming
Argentina
Achillesaurus manazzonei - Bajo de la Carpa Formation
Alvarezsaurus calvoi - Rio Colorado Formation
Avisaurus archibaldi - Lecho Formation
Austroraptor cabazai - Allen Formation
Bonapartenykus ultimus - Allen Formation
Buitreraptor gonzalezorum - Candeleros Formation
Enantiornis
Enantiornis leali - Lecho Formation
Lectavis bretincola - Lecho Formation
Limenavis patagonica - Allen Formation
Megaraptor namunhuaiquii - Rio Neuquen Formation
Neuquenornis volans - Rio Colorado Formation
Patagonykus puertai - Rio Neuquen Formation
Patagopteryx deferrariisi - Rio Colorado Formation
Soroavisaurus australis - Lecho Formation
Unenlagia comahuensis - Rio Neuquen Formation
Araucanoraptor argentinus - Rio Neuquen Formation
Neuquenraptor argentinus - Rio Neuquen Formation
Unenlagia paynemili - Portezuelo Formation
Yungavolucris brevipedalis - Lecho Formation
Madagascar
Rahonavis ostromi
Vorona berivotrensis - Maevarano Formation
China
Gigantoraptor erlianensis - Iren Dabasu Formation
Linhenykus monodactylus - Wulansuhai Formation
Mononykus olecranus - Iren Dabasu Formation
Velociraptor mongoliensis - Minhe Formation
Yandangornis longicaudus - Tangshang Formation
Xixianykus zhangi - Majiacun Formation
Kazakhstan
Asiahesperornis bazhanovi - Eginsai Formation
Caenagnathasia martinsoni - Bostobinskaya Svita
Cretaviculus sarysuensis - Taldysai, Dzhezkazgan Province
Mongolia
Albinykus baatar - Khugenetslavkant sandstone
Apsaravis ukhaana - Djadochta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod
Bagaraatan ostromi - Nemegt Formation
Borogovia gracilicrus - Nemegt Formation
Ceratonykus oculatus - Barun Goyot Formation
Conchoraptor gracilis - Barun Goyot Formation, Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav
Ingenia yanshini (2) - Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav
Elmisaurus rarus - Nemegt Formation
Gobipteryx minuta - Barun Goyot Formation, Hermiin Tsav,
Nanantius valifanovi - Barun Goyot Formation, Hermiin Tsav, Mongolia
Gurilynia nessovi - Nemegt Formation
Hulsanpes perlei - Barun Goyot Formation
Ingenia yanshini (1) - Barun Goyot Formation, Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav, [Hermiin Tsav], Nemegt Formation
Judinornis nogontsavensis - Nemegt Formation
Kol ghuva ~/~ - Ukhaa Tolgod
Mononykus olecranus - Djadochta Formation; Nemegt Formation
Nemegtomaia barsboldi - Nemegt Formation
Nomingia gobiensis - Bugin Tsav, Trans-Altai Gobi
Oviraptor philoceratops - Djadochta Formation
Parvicursor remotus - Barun Goyot Formation
Rinchenia mongoliensis - Nemegt Formation
Oviraptor mongoliensis - Nemegt Formation
Saurornithoides mongoliensis - Djadochta Formation
Shuvuuia deserti - Ukhaa Tolgod
Tochisaurus nemegtensis - Nemegt Formation
Velociraptor mongoliensis - Djadochta Formation
Zanabazar junior - Nemegt Formation
Saurornithoides junior - Nemegt Formation
Tadzhikistan
Troodon
Troodon isfarensis - Yalovach Formation
Uzbekistan
Caenagnathasia martinsoni - Bissekt Formation
Enantiornis
Enantiornis martini - Bissekt Formation
Enantiornis walkeri - Bissekt Formation
Euronychodon
Euronychodon asiaticus - Bissekt Formation
\"Ichthyornis\" minusculus - Bissekt Formation
Kizylkumavis cretacea - Bissekt Formation
Kuszholia mengi - Bissekt Formation
Lenesornis maltshevskyi - Bissekt Formation
Ichthyornis maltshevskyi
Platannavis nana - Bissekt Formation
Troodon
Troodon asiamercanus - Khodzhakul\' Formation
Urbacodon itemirensis - Dzharakuduk Formation
Zhyraornis kashkarovi - Bissekt Formation
Zhyraornis logunovi - Bissekt Formation
Nomen Nudem: Confuciusornis meidus ~/~; Confuciusornis shuzhi ~/~; Deinonychus koreanensis; Holbotia ponomarenkoi; Koreanosaurus; Pectinodon asiamericanus; Ovoraptor djadochtari;